Mi Ultimo Adios Essay

Mi Ultimo Adios was the farewell poem of Rizal that originally had no title and was unsigned. This was believed as Rizal’s last will because he wrote it on the night before he was executed. Also through this poem, Rizal was giving his last message to his countrymen. For him, offering his life was the best way he could show his love for the country. Even he was going to die, he was not resentful instead he challenged the each of the Filipinos to serve and love our country. However he was also hopeful that his death would serve as inspiration to everyone. He encouraged the youth to continue to dream and fulfill it. The poem ‘My Last Farewell’ was Jose Rizal’s patriotic goodbyes, first to his country, his family and above all to his Heavenly Father. To his country he said, ‘With gladness do I give you my life.’ He tried to comfort his parents and dear ones with these lines: ‘I’ll go where there are no slaves, tyrants or hangmen; where faith does not kill and where God alone does reign.’ The last line of the poem says: ‘To die is to rest.’ Mi Ultimo Adios was the farewell poem of Rizal that originally had no title and was unsigned. This was believed as Rizal’s last will because he wrote it on the night before he was executed. Also through this poem, Rizal was giving his last message to his countrymen. For him, offering his life was the best way he could show his love for the country. Even he was going to die, he was not resentful instead he challenged the each of the Filipinos to serve and love our country. However he was also hopeful that his death would serve as inspiration to everyone. He encouraged the youth to continue to dream and fulfill it. The poem ‘My Last Farewell’ was Jose Rizal’s patriotic goodbyes, first to his country, his family and above all to his Heavenly Father. To his country he said, ‘With gladness do I give you my life.’ He tried to comfort his parents and dear ones with these lines: ‘I’ll go where there are no slaves, tyrants or hangmen; where faith does not kill and where God alone does reign.’ The last line of the poem says: ‘To die is to rest.’ Reference: http://kwentongebabuhayrizal.blogspot.com/2013/05/rizals-poem-my-last-farewell.html

Nature Strongly Influences Early Human Development. Discuss Essay

Both nature and nurture play an important role in early human development. However, people have always wondered that our gene which we inherited from our parents or environmental factors influenced the most. This has been a mysterious around the globe for centuries. This essay will analyze that nurture is the most important. Nature which is the heredity from our parents plays a huge role in the development. Our personal characteristics were determined by the genetic structure of the fertilized ovum. The decision of our sex, hair color, eyes color comes from the gene which we inherited from our parents. Another example for the affections of gene on the development of human is that, a twin who was separated for almost 35years with different life history still share the same interest and personality when they meet each other. Moreover, because of the genetically programmed maturation , children’s behavior after birth flows the same as the time schedule of their innate ability such as rolling over, sitting without support, standing while holding on to furniture, etc. Although we see that nature influenced human the most, what really influences the development is nurture. For instance, even if all children go through the same sequences of motor behaviors, different children will go through the same stage at different rates. What’s more, the extension of motor behaviors can be hastened by extra stimulation or practice that infants received. As we can see, a child who was given an extra practice of walking everyday began to walk earlier than children who didn’t practice. Also, the development of speech is accelerated if an infant is encouraged and stimulated to speak. According to the belief of John Locke, babies have blank minds after their births. Their minds only improved from what they’ve learned and experienced through their senses. They do not inherit from their parents. Similarly, according to John B. Waston and B. F. Skinner, the nature of human can be adaptable. It doesn’t really depend on the heredity of the child but it does depend on the training that the child has received. He also stated that he can turn any infants to any kind of specialists such as lawyer, doctor, artist, or even thief and beggar regarding to his training but not their race of ancestors, tendencies, talents or abilities. In conclusion, either nature or nurture influenced new born infants in their own ways. It seems they can back up with strong supports. However, nurture influences more than nature because it has a strong power to alter our natural form and can possibly turn us into somewhat different. In my opinion, I also believe that nurture has a strong impact on children’s development because from my personal experience, I have to study in order to get the knowledge and skills and my lifestyle just adapt to the environment around me.

Movie Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Movie Review - Essay Example The actions of both Kevin O’Donnel and Sean Miller amply convey this fact. â€Å" Our society in the West has, quite literally, an investment in perpetuating the myth of an evil force... Without it, movies and writing would be less interesting because evil villains represent in some powerful manner the way many people perceive the world†(R. F. Baumeister, W.H. Freeman & Co, 1996). People often think of evil as what is outside of them, and even if an evil action is chosen, there is a justification since there is something good in the expected outcome. This is the outlook of the terrorists. The discussion shows how people can be properly be made aware of the dangers of terrorism and how realistic the two movies are in conveying the facts regarding terrorism. In the movie Patriot Games, we see the fear of terrorism casting its spell throughout the life of Jack Ryan and his family. He and his family are on a visit England. He has worked as an intelligence agent in the U.S. A. his helps him to be vigilant. He is also making use of his London vacation for his research, as he is writing a book. He has met his wife Cathy an ophthalmological surgeon and daughter Sally and they are discussing where to go for dinner that evening. At that time there is an explosion behind them. He gets his family under cover and sees three men attacking a Rolls Roys. Taking advantage of his perfect position to interfere, he charges in and kills one man and has wounded another. The men are from the Ulster Liberation Army (ULA), an ultra-violent off shoot of the violent Provisional wing of the Irish Republican Army (PIRA). Now he becomes a local hero in England, as the occupants of the car he saved are the members of the Royal Family. But the head of the ULA Kevin O’Donnell is quite upset. Sean Miller, who had planned the operation, who is now caught, is also furious at Jack’s interference. The PIRA is also not happy with Kevin O’Donnell for attacking the Royal

Privacy in Cyber Space Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Privacy in Cyber Space - Essay Example The use of Internet as a basic mean of corporate usage has now become a critical business activity and therefore needs to be well-monitored as part of the important resources of any company (Cobb, 2002). However, the internet has also been of significant advantage to us in many ways. Where many of its services have benefited us in numerous ways, the email has had a significant character, besides other uses, in the commerce and trade sector. Email has proved to be the information and communication â€Å"Backbone† in most of the organizations (ColdSpark, 2007). It has been successfully used to facilitate the day to day business activities & processes, shared working environment, document transfer, corporate communication (both internal and external) and memorandums. According to the statistics, more than 35 percent of critical business information is found in companies is transferred via emails. Such a high figure means a high stance of dependency on the email service(s) and thus the nature of the content that is being transferred through these emails has actually forced many organizations to re-evaluate the significance of managing the email throughout its whole lifecycle. (ML Inc., 2008) Traditionally, the common practice was to retain the backup of all emails as per the IT department’s needs and cost factor. Now the environment has changed and therefore we need to manage this service as a strategic resource to take the best out of it. Email is considered now as a formal means of communication for any company, specially in a healthcare organizations where patients’ reports are treated with utmost confidentiality, which is no different from the traditional way of distributing the corporate information on the companies’ official letter head. This means that organizational or corporate emails are also bounded to abide by legal obligations of the state. Understanding the whole process of the collection,

Online booking system for parking Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Online booking system for parking - Dissertation Example Effective utilisation of resources could be attributed to the overall success of projects and avoid instances of projects failing mid-way through. Poor project planning continues to be the greatest and common cause for project failures, in different kinds of projects. Regardless of the projects being undertaken, project planning always targets to ensure efficient and effective utilisation of available resources to enhance project implementation process. The project plan shall provide essential guidelines towards execution of the project. This shall involve providing information regarding resource allocation of the various resources. Through proper resource allocation, management of the resources shall become simplified to ensure successful project execution (Kerzner, 2003). Another planning element for the project shall be ensuring effective control of the allocated resources. Controlling ensures efficacy in the utilisation of the resources through eliminating wasteful resource usage during the project implementation. Through efficient controlling process, the resources allocated for the projects shall be able to complete the execution successfully and smoothly. Project planning ensures proper and efficient utilisation of the resources through control in the use of available resources. ... Most project failures remain attributed to resource wastage, which result in resource shortage, and ultimate project failure. Controlling of the movement and proper resource allocation remains a significant contributing factor towards project success. Project charter The project begins with identification of the various parking zones, which shall be included within the online booking platform. The project aims at identifying the upmarket zones with easy accessibility and whose demand for parking remains high during peak and off-peak durations. This shall be followed by an informed analysis of the available infrastructure and capacity of the identified zones. This analysis remains essential in identifying the necessary infrastructural amendments required by different zones to ensure proper functioning of the intended systems, when installed. Upmarket zones with small parking capacity can be considered for expansion to increase the parking space; hence achieve increased earnings from t he parking sales. The project targets at utilising the parking lots with high capacity hence sustainability of the project implementation. The costs incurred in installing the system shall be recovered from the sales received following ticket sales. The project has various stakeholders being directly or indirectly involved within the project implementation. The most notable stakeholders can be identified as listed below. The local government authorities, who can be identified as the main financiers or sponsors of the project The project management team selected by the local authority. This team holds the overall responsibility of ensuring proper utilisation of project resources. Vehicle owners who shall be using the parking zones where the project shall be

History and Political Science. Examine the roles of men and women in Essay

History and Political Science. Examine the roles of men and women in fascist Germany - Essay Example Men were always superior with male children occupying higher pedestals than their female counterparts. Women in Germany did not hold any property rights and even upon the death of their husbands they could not inherit anything and were required to find a male guardian to care for her children. This discrimination was based on the premises that women were more emotional than men and hence their intellectual capacities were limited by their emotional nature. They were even discriminated by their men counterparts in the church who considered them weak to the temptations of the flesh because of emotions . Though church men felt that the women should be excluded from the church, they were allowed to participate in some religious ceremonies but were excluded on other activities like singing. Overtime, women gained several milestones and they started gaining little education which men felt allowed them to be better mothers and cooks. World War 1 thrust women into men roles and they excelled in the home fronts carrying out gender roles traditionally performed by men. Under the Weimar republic (1919-1933), women were given more freedom which enabled them to accomplish many goals previously under the male domain. The Weimar republic made secondary requirement a right for women in 1920 where women were officially allowed to vote. ... They believed that men were productive and creative in the spheres of politics and war whereas women were emotional and reproductive suitable for maintaining homes and the family. German women were expected to follow the "kinder, kirche und kuche" (children, kitchen, and church)4 philosophy. This foundation was the premises in which women conducts were expected to follow, and any deviants were frowned upon. The Nazi regime made women believe that through submissiveness, domesticity, and mother hood they were developing their nation and their own selves but in reality the Nazi regime wanted the men to completely oppress the women. Though not all women supported their restriction to gender roles, many women welcomed the Nazi regimes move as good for the family. The fascist Nazi regime philosophies and ideals significantly changed the employment landscape, with many intelligent women doctors, teachers, civil servants and lawyers being summarily dismissed leaving very few women professio nals. The fields left vacant by women in the professional field were filled by similarly qualified men of German origin and because women and other non German population were not formally recognized as true Germans unemployment in the German states declined sharply. The Nazi regime under Hitler expected all German men to obtain an income through hard work. They organized their finances and funded a large program for work creation. Men were sent through the National Labour Service to work in public works and conservation projects which were primarily focused on building highly networked motorways, railways lines, and reclamation projects5. Through highly developed industrialization plans aimed at rearmament, Hitler introduced

Internal analysis of Daniela Seiner, a health spa company from Italy Essay

Internal analysis of Daniela Seiner, a health spa company from Italy - Essay Example talise on its strong human capital in terms of having a strong training expertise to make customers even more well-versed in psychological theories about customer needs and also understand their unique cultural values they will expect when attending a beauty spa. With less capital available for expansion, the spa will need to tightly focus on providing excellence in service and then use marketing promotion to build a stronger brand reputation and brand image among competitors. The contemporary dà ©cor chosen for the business, as part of long-term strategic focus, stands out for its upscale appeal and hospitality. Spa consumers, today, are drawn to aesthetics when choosing a spa, thus the internal analysis reveals that Daniela Steiner has chosen a correct blend of contemporary yet relaxing dà ©cor which likely has contributed to the business’ recent doubling of visiting patrons (Serrato). Because this is a business catering to the upscale client, aesthetic factors must be taken into consideration as part of strategic objectives for service and relaxation and Daniela Steiner, visually, outperforms many competitors in this marketplace. The line of skin products created under the Daniela Steiner brand name shows the business’ focus on diversity, giving themselves better marketing opportunities to reach a new kind of client without necessarily the time to indulge in Daniela Steiner, in-house spa amenities. These beauty products further strengthen the Daniela Steiner brand name and can bring healthy skin opportunities to developing nation consumers. Even from a corporate social responsibility perspective, the business is providing excellence in reputation and beauty in a region that is not saturated with heavy volumes of beauty-minded competitors. Internally, it looks as though the business recognised a market opportunity and has been able to sustain a positive business image. One superior strength of Daniela Steiner is the volume of time which the business puts

Citation Paper Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Citation Paper - Annotated Bibliography Example Author Amy Dean’s journal article ‘Occupy Wall Street: A Protest against a Broken Economic Compact’  (first published in Harvard International Review, 2012) offers insight and rationale behind his great mass movement. The OWS, which started as an innocuous gathering in Zuccotti Park in New York City, rapidly caught the public imagination, as it spread across the country swiftly and effectively. Amy Dean’s article is a valuable source for the research essay, for it deals with the crux of the problem, namely that of the ‘broken economic compact’. She notes how â€Å"the Occupy movement is a protest against a broken economic compact that reaches into the very middle of America and that is resonating in other parts of the world as well†. (Dean 12) Rather than being an arm-chair investigation of the landmark event, the author gives first-hand accounts of the unfolding movement from its epi-centre in New York City. As she observes during the introduction to the article, â€Å"During the early months when Occupy Wall Street maintained tent cities in lower Manhattan and other metropolitan areas around the country, the occupations attracted an array of young counter-culturalists and itinerant radicals. To many people seeing the images of the encampments on the news, it looked like a motley assembly, not something out of the American mainstream.† (Dean 12) As Amy Dean suggests in the article, Occupy Wall Street is a crucial reality check for a nation that is on the brink of economic and social disintegration. The movement showed up a mirror to the nation’s leaders and reminded them of their misplaced priorities and unethical behavior. The OWS movement is the most recent in that noble tradition of civil disobedience and collective public action that the country is so proud of. But Dean warns readers to not get carried away. How history will judge and rate the effectiveness of OWS will depend on how well public grievances are translated into

Economics questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economics questions - Assignment Example new or used durable good, the importance of branding and quality in her decision, and her decision to purchase an item that has a warranty or guarantee . A risk-averse customer will trade savings for decreased risk; she will thus be less likely to buy used goods, good she perceives to be of an inferior quality or brand, and more likely to invest in a durable, expensive good which in its price includes a warranty or service guarantee for a period of time. . b. [10 marks] A refrigerator company includes a warranty that provides for free service and repairs during the first two years of ownership of any new refrigerator. The number of reported repairs rises after the warranties are introduced. Explain why this has occurred, referring to both the concepts of moral hazard and adverse selection. This phenomenon can be understood using the concept of moral hazard, in that customers who perceive the warranty to be â€Å"free† or included in the price of the good, might have purchased a refrigerator with or without a warranty, experience the cost of using that warranty once they have purchased the good to be zero. Therefore, problems that might otherwise have been tolerated (such as cosmetic defects), or repaired at the cost of the consumer (such as small parts) are now reportable, warranty-covered repairs. This phenomenon might also be explained by adverse selection, namely that under certain conditions customers and vendors may have differential access to information. Customers may be aware of conditions they intend to expose the refrigerator to (such as extreme heat) that will likely shorten its lifespan or durability, but which the vendor and guarantor of the warranty is unaware of. Customers with such undisclosed intentions may be more drawn to manufacturers offering warranties and thus become over-represented in population of customers once the warranty is introduced. c. [5 marks] In order to solve the problem of excessive repair requests in (b), the

Explain the role of the Fourteenth Amendment's due process clause Essay

Explain the role of the Fourteenth Amendment's due process clause regarding confessions - Essay Example A house refers to any structure that an individual’s uses as their residence. It may on a long-term basis such as a residential home or on a short-term basis such as a hotel. Other structures that are connected to a house such as a garage and a store also fall under this category in the Fourth Amendment but an open field that surrounds the house is out of this scope. Papers refer to an individual’s personal documents such as business records, diaries, letters, and certificates. On the other hand, effects refer to the other items that are not persons, houses, or papers. This may include weapons, contraband goods, clothing, and luggage. Almost all items fall under the Fourth Amendment but what is essential is the determination of whether their search or seizure is reasonable. In analyzing the role of the Fourth Amendment, it is critical to determine the police activities that trigger the protection of the Fourth Amendment. It is also essential to justify the reasons behind the police officers engaging in these activities. A search is referred to as an activity that is conducted with the intention of finding evidence to be used for criminal prosecution. When conducting a search, there should be concern whether the search is a product of a government action. There should also be concerns whether it violates the reasonable expectation of a person’s right to privacy. The term seizure usually refers to the keeping of custody of a property to be used as evidence in a criminal procedure. It commonly occurs because of a search. The Fourth Amendment focuses on the reasonableness of the search and seizures. It determines if the police were working along with its requirements. According to the Fourth Amendment, not every action of looking for evidence is referred to as a search. A search depends on who is looking for the evidence as well as where it occurs. Therefore, a

Eastern Religions Analysis Essay Example for Free

Eastern Religions Analysis Essay Modern western medicine is based on knowledge and technological innovations appeared in 19th and 20th centuries. In contrast to eastern traditions, modern western medicine rejects the role of mind and soul in treatment trying to explain everything form Rationalist point of view. Recent years, eastern religious traditions penetrate into modern medicine brining new understanding of diseases and their causes. Alternative medicine is a ‘branch’ of modern medicine which applied eastern religious traditions into professional medical practice. The main advantage of eastern religious traditions (Daoism, Hinduism, etc. ) is interpretation of mind-body interaction which sees human mind and body as a part of the world order, nature and cosmic environment. Following eastern religious traditions, modern medicine uses meditation techniques and relaxation as the main tools to treat many incurable diseases. They program mind towards positive thinking and health. Eastern teaching includes unconscious ideas that shape everyday behavior, namely the right decision, the right attitude and truth. â€Å"By going to a practitioner skilled in one of these arts [eastern practices], patients feel that they are getting a complete doctor someone to treat their medical condition and to give them wise advice about life as well† (Dworkin 2001, 3). As the most important, eastern religious traditions use herbal substances and other natural ingredients as an alternative to surgical treatment methods. Today, more and more drugs consist of herbs and vitamins as the most effective and safe measures of treatment. Eastern religious traditions prove that chemical substances are ineffective if a person (patient) cannot change his attitude towards life and his diseases. Dworkin explains: â€Å"Alternative medicine stands between medical science and organized religion, and therefore stands between what is known and what is unknown† (Dworkin 2001, 3). In spite of great knowledge, the role of eastern religious traditions and their practical application is still limited by rational knowledge of western society. Modern India is influenced by globalization and westernization processes which changed social ideals and beliefs of modern generations. The remarkable feature of modern society is that it does not reject and ignore old beliefs and values applying new traditions and innovation to its cultural heritage. Following Frawley, it is possible to interpret Hinduism as: â€Å"the Dharmic soul of India, [which helps] to rise up from deep sleep and realize its true heritage† (Frawley 2002, 113). Popular culture of social and intellectual elite is primarily viewed by strong traditions of people, as well as religious dogmas, and Hinduism is the source that influences popular culture. After the period of colonialism and Communism, this change in national consciousness and mind is a result of the collapse of a stable world-view created during 20th century, which led to panic and moral decay. In modern India, social norms play greater role than Hinduism and are seen as a priority. Some critics admit that some Hindus are distance themselves from religious traditions â€Å"avoiding being seen going to temples, Yet may go to churches and mosques as a demonstration in their universality of religion. (Frawley, 16 cited Thaiyar 2002, 113). This tendency shows that modern generations are free to practice a high degree of ethical pluralism in their personal life choosing personal religion and way of life. Changing ideologies required changes of common people who are the base of popular culture. Still, Hinduism has a tremendous impact on cultural and social life of Hindus as a part of historical development and national identity. In general modern society is suppressed by social changes which influence world perception and culture, but, at the same time and again are associated with the reformed religion, which demands strict code of ethics and beliefs. Today, most Hindus subconsciously follow Hinduism traditions and philosophy, way of life and food patterns as a part of national culture they cannot change. Hinduism penetrates all spheres of social life and cultural norms reshaping modern nation and its values formed during the 1950s. References Dworkin, R.W. (2001). Science, Faith and Alternative Medicine. Policy Review, p. 3. Thaiyar, S. (2002). Arise Arjuna: Hinduism and the Modern World. International Journal of Humanities and Peace, 18, p. 113.

Nursing interventions and preventative management in skeletal traction

Nursing interventions and preventative management in skeletal traction Discussion Output 1. List nursing interventions and preventative management related to skeletal traction. Skeletal traction is done is used for treatment for fractures, muscle spasms and immobility due septic joints. In taking care of a patient with skeletal traction assessing should always be done in order to prevent further complications. In assessing the patient, assess for signs edema, skin color, temperature, irritation, abnormal positioning, swelling, hemorrhage, muscle spasms, pain and discomfort, vital signs, fluid balance, urine output and most importantly the safety of the patient. Along with these are, providing emergency care is required (prevention of shock, respiratory care), providing care with the patients cast observing for the signs of circulatory impairment, providing care with the traction checking the weights if hanging freely, providing respiratory exercises to prevent any lung complications, encouraging increase fluid intake, and providing appropriate skin care to prevent pressure sores. 2. Discuss a component of cast care for the pediatric client or adult client. Identify manifestations of compartment syndrome. In taking care of patient with cast, always remember to keep the cast clean and dry. Always check and assess if the cast is attach appropriately, not to tight or loose. If the patient will take a bath, cover the cast with a plastic bag or wrap to prevent water on the cast. But having with cast, it is advisable to avoid showers and better yet use the bathtub and hand the part with cast outside the tub while bathing. Air and water are prevented to get under the cast for this may cause complications like skin breakdown if not prevented. Along with putting of cast, sweating cant be prevented to accumulate under the cast. If any strong odor comes from the cast, it is better to report immediately to the doctor to do the appropriate actions for this. In lieu to patients mobility, crutches are needed to help patient in walking, but be sure to help patient and remove any hazards that can harm patients safety. In terms of manifestations of compartment syndrome, severe pain that dont go away ev en medications are given is the hallmark manifestation of this. Also it comes along with decreased sensation, weakness, paleness of skin and numbness or paralysis. 3. Compare the nursing needs of a total hip replacement patient with those of a total knee replacement patient. Patients who had undergone total hip replacement and total knee replacement has common nursing needs along with these are: relieving the pain of the injured part, monitoring for the vital signs, wound drainage, swelling, edema, pain/discomfort, hemorrhage, and preventing infection. The main difference is that, for the total hip replacement patient, the nurse prevents the patient from having deep vein thrombosis, and dislocation of prosthesis, meaning the nursing needs of the patient are more on preventing infection and dislocation of the hips. In total knee replacement, the nursing care needed are to prevent patient from having peroneal nerve palsy, using the Continuous Passive Motion (CPM) for the physical therapy of the patient, meaning the nursing care needs of the total knee replacement are more on the physical therapy needs of the patient in order to gain better mobilization to the patient. 4. Discuss methods to avoid dislocation after hip replacement surgery. In preventing dislocation after hip replacement surgery the three main cardinal rules are dont cross your legs, dont bend your legs beyond 90 degress and dont turn affected foot inward or internally rote the hips. These cardinal signs should be followed for the first six weeks after the surgery. Crossing the legs can be cause of compromising blood circulation in the lower extremities. Dislocation will be possible if you cross leg and hip in affected part, but dislocation will not result if crossing leg on the strong leg over the operated part. Turning the operated leg inward can cause possible dislocation due to affected leg will turn internally rotate the hip that will cause the head to jump out of the socket. 5. You are caring for a patient who has had skeletal traction placed to treat a fractures femur. Discuss nursing interventions and assessment techniques related to this type of treatment. In caring patient with skeletal traction in treating fracture femur, assessing and monitoring the patient every now and then is very important to prevent any complications. Monitor for any signs of skin abnormalities edema, color, temperature, irritation, swelling, hemorrhage; muscle spasms, pain and discomfort, vital signs, fluid balance and the safety of the patient. Safety of the patient is really important in taking good care of this kind of patient, along with this thing providing emergency care is required to prevent shock and respiratory care. The cast of the past should also be observed for any signs of circulatory impairment. For the traction, check the weights if hanging freely. Encourage the patient to follow diet high protein, high vitamin, high calcium and to increase intake of fluids. Provide proper skin care to prevent any pressure sores and instruct client to any fracture-related issues that can help him/her to have knowledge upon his/her condition. 6. A patient is being discharged with an external fixator for a fractured humerus. Discuss home care instructions for this patient. For home care management of patient with external fixator, checking the fixator is the very important thing to do. Check if there are loose pins, loose nuts on frame, and pain at the fracture site. Cleaning the frame should be twice a week, dampened cloth with alcohol or water can be used to wipe off the frame. Monitoring temperature should be done daily, cause increase temperature may be a sign of infection to the affected site. As the same with the frames, pin sites should also be cleaned once or twice a day to prevent infection. 7. Identify various types of traction and the principles of effective traction. Various types of tractions includes: Skin traction put up by means of adhesive tape or strapping that is applied to the limb; Skeletal traction put up by means of directly upon the bones by means of pins, wires; Bryants traction is a kind of traction used for treatment of fractured femur or correction of hip dislocation; Bucks traction kind of traction which a pull is exerted on the lower extremities in order to align it to treat contractures and diseases of hip and knee; Dunlops traction a mechanism that helps in treating immobilize upper arm due to fracture or contracture of the elbow; Russells traction unilateral or bilateral mechanism that helps in immobilizing, and to aligning lower extremities due to femur, hip, knee contractures and other orthopedic diseases in hip and knee. In order to have effective traction, as a health care provider, you should make sure to position the patient properly with a correct body alignment in the center of the bed to have a good maintenance of the pull. Ropes and weights should be observed and checked regularly to make sure it moving freely on the pulley. The rope knots should be maintained in a right position in order to prevent it from touching the pulley. And lastly, the comfort of the patient should be maintained, and making sure he/she is comfortable in his/her position to avoid any further complications. 8. Discuss the use of Bucks traction, its uses and the involved nursing considerations. Bucks traction is a form of skin traction to the lower extremity specifically the lower limb to provide straight pull through single pulley that is attached to a crossbar at the foot of the bed. It is a short-term measure in treatment for hip dislocations, hip and knee contractures and reduction of back pain. In terms of nursing considerations, the main goal is to provide patients comfort, positioning the patients bed not to high to prevent any discomfort. Checking the alignment of the leg is also a must, it should be in a straight line of pull to maintain the attachment of the bar to the pulley. Part of it, the bandage wrapping should be checked if it attached properly. 9. Discuss the nursing care for a patient undergoing orthopedic surgery. In caring for patient undergoing orthopedic surgery, the main goal is to restore motion, stabilize and relieve pain and disability. For the preoperative care, the nursing care to be done is to assess for the hydration status of the patient. It is important for the patient to have adequate hydration in order to decrease the blood viscosity and venous stasis and also it ensure adequate urine flow. In checking the hydration status of the patient, the skin and mucous membranes, along with the vital signs, laboratory status and urine output are assessed and monitored. More on, the nurse also has the responsibility in helping the patient to relieve his/her discomfort. Relieving pain can be decreased in immobilizing of the fractured bone/joint. It is really important to control the pain of the patient in order to accomplish other nursing care like improving the mobility of the patient. For the postoperative care, it is important to assess and monitor the vital signs, pain/discomfort, wound drainage, level of consciousness, and fluid balance of the patient, in order to prevent any complications. Web Assignment In a patient that has applied cast, the first and most important thing to do is to assess the patients overall health condition, in assessing the patient, start by monitoring for the vital signs and pain/discomfort of the patient; numbness, tingling sensation, and irritation on the injured body part in order to prevent any further complications. Commonly, mild swelling on the injured area is common during the first few days. In caring for this, you can teach the patient or his/her relatives to keep the cast above the level of the heart for about 24-48 hours. This management can help in reducing the swelling, by doing this the injured part can be rested on pillows to maintain this level. Also, putting ice packs can help swelling down. Ice packs can be covered with thin towel to the cast and apply it for about 20 minutes every two hours. Pain relievers prescribed by the physician can also be taken like ibuprofen or acetaminophen. For the cast care, it is important to keep the cast clean and dry. It is advisable to avoid taking showers and better yet use the bathtub and hand the part with cast outside the tub while bathing. One way also is to cover the injured part with plastic bag or wrap to prevent the water on the cast. Also, check the cast if it is attach properly, make sure it is not too tight or loose. These measurements are important because of the reason that air and water if get under the cast may cause complications like skin breakdown if not prevented. Prevent dirt, or sand to get under the cast, to prevent any inflammation due to irritation within the cast. When having a cast, sweating cant be prevented to accumulate under the cast, it is proper to monitor if the cast has strong odor. Monitoring the patients cast is a must to prevent any complications. More on, if the patient experiences these: foul odor from the cast, along with cracks or breaks, loose or tight cast; swelling, tingling or numbness, discoloration, and severe pain from the injured part it is proper to report immediately to the attending physician to avoid worse situation and to do proper measures to treat the following abnormalities.

Effort Estimation Model

Effort Estimation Model Effort Estimation Model for each Phase of Software Development Life Cycle Information Technology Abstract Assessment of main risks of software development discloses that major threat of delays are caused by poor effort / cost estimation of the project. Low / poor cost estimation is the second highest priority risk [1]. This risk can affect four out of total five phases of software development life cycle i.e. Analysis, Design, Coding and Testing. Hence targeting this risk alone may reduce the over all risk impact of the project by fifty percent. Architectural designing of the system is great activity which consumes most of the time in SDLC. Obviously effort is put to produce the design of the system. It is evident that none of the existing estimation models try to calculate the effort put on designing of the system. Although use case estimation model uses the use case points to estimate the cost. But what is the cost of creating use cases? One reason of poor estimates produced by existing models can be negligence of design effort/cost. Therefore it shall be well estimated to prevent any cost overrun of the project. We propose a model to estimate the effort in each of these phases rather than just relying upon the cost estimation of the coding phase only. It will also ease the monitoring of project status and comparison against planned cost and actual cost incurred so far at any point of time. Key Words: Effort estimation, software development life cycle, Risk Mitigation, Project Planning. Section 1:Back Ground and Motivation Existing estimation techniques such as Functions point estimation and use case estimation rely upon the artifacts generated in earlier phase. These artifacts (i.e. Use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, activity diagrams, state chart diagrams etc) depict the architectural design of the entire system. These diagrams are not generated out of a blue or are not instantly available without putting any effort. Standard task set and the percentage of work duration associated with it decomposes the ratio of effort put in each phase. Activity Standard Work Effort% Definition Phase Business Requirements 6% Functional Specifications 10% Delivery Phase Detailed Design 14% Code and Unit Test 40% System Testing 20% User Acceptance Testing 10% Total Effort 100% Table 1 Standard Task Set Work Duration %age [4] It is evident in Table 1 that although major ratio (i.e. 40%) of work effort is put in code and unit test phase. The rest 60 percent effort is put in different areas of the project development life cycle. Hence this signifies the importance of estimating cost for these phases of software development life cycle. Usually the effort estimation is done after the analyses phase when the project reaches into coding stage. The cost / effort is measured in terms of line of codes for each functionality to be incorporated into the software. Therefore it is very clear to understand that only 40 % (i.e. as shown in table 1) of the total software development effort is estimated. Whereas this estimation is delayed until all the analyses and design has completed. We have adapted a different approach and suggest that effort estimation shall be carried out for each phase of the development process. We propose this model to avoid the risk of low cost estimation as earliest as possible in the development process. Current software cost estimation methods first try to know the size of the software to be built. Based upon this size the expected effort to be put is measured. Estimated effort further is utilized to calculate the duration (i.e. Time required) and cost (monetary/human resources) of the project. Calculating the size of project is the foremost logical step to be taken in order to estimate the effort. If we do not know the distance to be travelled we can not estimate the cost and duration per mileage. Therefore we also first measure the size of the entire project. We know that there are mainly three categories of software projects i.e. Organic mode: These are relatively small, simple SW projects (application programs e.g. Thermal analysis program) Embedded mode: System programs which are developed within tight HW, SW and operational constraints (flight control SW for aircraft). Semi-detached mode: An intermediate level (size and complexity, utility programs) SW projects with mixed experience, mixed requirements. It can be mixture of organic and embedded software as well. Therefore these categories of the software project would effect the estimation of each phase. We propose the modular approach to be adapted for the development efforts so that even large scale enterprise information systems can also be decomposed into a mix of several modules of organic, semi detached, and embedded system. Therefore the focus can be put in individual module accordingly. Following are the sections which individually discuss the methods to estimate the expected effort to be put in each phase of software development life cycle. Section 2: Measuring the Size of each project We do not try to measure the size of the project as a whole rather focus on measuring the size of each phase i.e. Analyses, design, coding and testing phases. This can provide us different milestones in the road map of project development. Our main objective is to suggest the estimation methods for analysis, design and testing phasing. We do not focus much on coding phase, as we would refer to the already done work for this phase. We estimate the size of each phase based on the artifacts and project products which are produced in that particular phase. E.g. the analyses phase produces the detailed user requirements document (use cases etc), design phase produces the class diagram, database Model i.e. E-R diagram, Sequence diagrams, activity diagrams etc. based upon these deliverables in each phase the time and effort to produce these are estimated. Figure 1 shows the step wise flow chart of entire project planning process. After the identification of project scope/objectives, characteristics and infrastructure, the identification of all the activities is done. This identification of activities at early stage may provide the strong basis to estimate the size of each individual phase of software development process. As this involves the work break down structure to be defined and can identify the product / deliverable of each phase. Figure also shows that based on this identification of each activity the cost and risk are estimated for each activity. As this is part of project planning. Therefore we can obtain this information in the most earliest phase of project planning and do not need to wait for longer duration as have to wait in existing cost estimation models to estimate the cost of construction of the software. Hence early stage activity identification can help us to estimate the cost/effort for each phase i.e. analysis, design, coding and testing. Figure 1. Step wise Project Planning [3] Moreover the responsibility of the analysis and design of the system goes to the systems analyst. Generally system is viewed in terms of a collection of sub systems therefore each sub system analysis and design is the responsibility of any individual analyst. Hence the human resource need is very clear for analysis and design phase. But when team work is done in coding and testing phases then more stressed has to be put to estimate the required human resources. Bruegge defines the following work products to be generated in each phase of software development life cycle. Figure 2 Software Life Cycle Activities. [6] Bruegge describes and decomposes the overall system model and design into three types of design models i.e. Analysis model Object Design model Behavioral model Section 3: Requirement Elicitation Analyses Phase Size and Effort Estimation In earlier phase of the development process the scope is defined. This may also provide an intuitive vision of project size to the experienced project managers. Unified Process for software development defines the work products in different phases. [2] During the analyses phase we propose Inception points to be identified and estimated. Inception points refer to the points which must be analyzed about in context of the interest of each stakeholder. As use cases represent the points of some business operation or systems functionality, which needs to be clearly understood and modeled therefore we call them inception points. We must know the accurate number of inception points and the effort needed to develop those points. Unified process for software development describes the following main work products in Inception phase. Definition of the problem Identification of all stakeholders Identification of Functional / non functional requirements Validation of requirements [2] Therefore all the main inception points can be clearly identified. Inception point will mainly focus around the identification of the users / stakeholders (possible actors functionality needed) and requirements. The size can be estimated for this phase by estimating the requirements. This can further be utilized to estimate the cost to build the use cases for each requirement. We suggest that the elicitation of requirements may consume effort / cost relevant to the number of requirements and user present. No of Requirements No of Users Project Size Less than 25 1-10 Small 25 50 11-50 Average 50 above 50 above Large Table 2 Project size based on no of requirements. Table 2 can signifies the need to enumerate each requirement, moreover each requirement will produce a use case and would also identify all its possible actors. Hence this can produce the effort needed to build those use cases which need to be documented in the software requirement specification document. Use cases can also be weighted to measure their complexity. So that the size can be determined and the time taken to create those use cases can be determined. No of Processing Points No of Actors No of > Use case Time taken to develop No of Person 1-3 1-2 1-2 3 Hours 1 4-5 3-5 3-5 5 Hours 1 5 + 5 + 5 + 7 Hours 1 Table 3 Use Case Types We have categorized the use cases based upon the number of processing points. actors, and the extension use cases which emerge from that particular use case. We conducted a survey to get the opinion from experienced software engineers and project managers in different software houses. We had distributed the questionnaire which primarily contained the questions to ask about the time needed to develop different types of use case as described in the table 3. We have processed the survey data and have obtained the average time for each category of the use case. Hence we can sum up the total number of inception points and can multiply them by the number of hours required for each type of use case. Summing up the time required in hours for each type of use case can then further give us the total number of hours required to build inception points. Section 4:Design Phase Size and Effort Estimation Object design model and behavioral model are produced during the design phase. We can estimate the size of each model alone and can sum the effort to obtain the total design phase effort. We can identify the Design Points, therefore we can add the weight associated to each design point and hence can measure the size and effort of that particular design point. This gives the lower level granularity to perceive the effort and size of each possible system feature to be designed. Hence further gives us tighter grip on the project progress. Following can be the possible design points: Entity classes Boundary classes Control classes System decomposition System integration Aggregation / composition of objects Generalization / specialization of objects Object interaction Interfaces Application logic 4.1Object Design Model Size and Effort The main artifact of the Object model is class diagram. Class diagram is comprised of several entity, control and boundary classes. If Entity Relationship diagram has already been produced then the effort can be lessened as persistent object are already been identified. Further more each type of classes need to be designed very carefully as control classes depict all the processing and interaction responsibilities among the classes. Where as boundary classes are responsible for the interfacing with either other system components, users, or external system for electronic data interchange. We declare each class to be a design point. A class in the system primarily depicts a systems object which interacts with other objects in systems environment. Hence a class does not dangle into a void but have solid connections and interactions with other classes that must be very accurately and rightly designed. Therefore we can categorize the class based on the complexity of their design. A class would be difficult to design if it has many associations , aggregations, generalizations, functionalities, overloading, overriding etc. Table 4 depicts the parameters to judge the complexity ratio of any class to be designed therefore the effort would be relevant to the complexity ratio. Complexity Ratio No of Associations No of Interactions No of Methods No of Interfaces Time Required (Hours) Low None None 1-5 1 2 2 Medium Single Single 5-10 2 5 5 High Multiple Multiple 10-20 5 10 8 Table 4: class categories for design complexity Our conducted survey tells us that based upon the complexity ratio any class can take 2, 5, or 8 hours for designing. Remember that this time is for design of the class but coding can take extra effort in the coding phase. Therefore if we can obtain the total number of design points and multiply them with the hours required to get the total hours required for the entire class diagram. 4.2Behavioral Model Size and Effort Behavioral model comprises of different diagrams which depicts the state, interaction of different classes with each other and the sequence of activities performed in the system to achieve any objective or perform business function. These diagrams are sequence diagram and state transition diagrams mainly. We declare each of these diagrams to be the design point as it is very essential to trace the possible states of the system so that a good design can be obtained. Whereas the sequence diagrams is the most sophisticated diagram that shows the complete step by step functionality and participating classes. But if the functionality of the existing system has been well understood then creation of sequence diagrams become easier. Our surveyed data reveals the facts that each of these diagrams can be different in complexity level i.e. low, medium, high. Parameters involved for determining the complexity level are summarized in table 5 below. Complexity Ratio State Chart No of States No of Transitions / Events No of Activity of State No of Actions associated with states Time Required (Hours) 1-5 1-5 1-5 1-5 3 5-10 5-7 5-7 5-7 5 10-15 7-10 7-10 7-10 8 Sequence Diagram NO of Classes No of Actors No of Events No of Control, boundary Entity Objects Time Required (Hours) 1-5 1-5 1-5 1-5 3 5-10 5-7 5-7 5-7 5 10-15 7-10 7-10 7-10 8 Table 5 Complexity parameters for behavioral model diagrams We perceive each of such diagrams as design point and can sum up the total number of hours required for each to obtain the total size and effort estimate to develop behavioral model. 4.3Data Model Size and Effort Mainly an objective is set to achieve an Entity Relationship diagram to depict the over all database design for the entire software system. E-R diagram itself involves several steps to be carried out. The size of database model itself may relate to the type of software project. Embedded software may not be using any large data base but may work using few files available in the read only memory. Whereas organic and semi detached software projects may require the data to be accessed from large databases. Complexity further increases when database has to be distributed. For the time being we do not discuss about distributed databases and leave it for our future work. Therefore we aim to estimate the size of conventional database to be built. The following table 4 summarizes the parameters that would affect the size of the database. Complexity Ratio No of Entities No of Relationships No of Aggregations Normalization Degree Query Joins Low 10-20 5-10 1-5 1-3 10-15 Medium 20-35 10-20 5-10 1-3 15-25 High 35-50 20-40 10-20 1-5 25-50 Table 6: Complexity parameters and Ratio to develop E-R Model The larger the number of entities to be designed, larger the database size increases. It is time consuming task to identify the persistent objects (i.e. entities) in the system. Then to design its attribute set. Different types of attributes i.e. composite, derived and multi-valued attributes are difficult to design and to decide that which entity would be the best suitable place for any particular attribute. Based upon the complexity ratio we had conducted a survey to know that how much time and personnel is required to build the E-R model. We have analyzed the data and got the average time and no of personnel required to develop E-R model. Complexity Ratio Days Required Personnel Required Low 7 10 1 2 Medium 10 25 1 3 High 25 40 1 5 Table 7: Required Effort for E-R model We have considered the flexibility range in the commencement of the activities as well, therefore have concluded the time and personnel requirement in to range of lower and upper limit. Section 5.Coding phase Size and Effort estimate Much work has been done to focus at the code phase effort and size estimation. Mainly Constructive Cost Model and Use case Point method strive hard to achieve this objective. But still there is room for the refinement. But as our main objective was to talk about the other phases e

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy And Exposure With Response Prevention In T

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy And Exposure With Response Prevention In The Treatment Of Bulimia Nervosa Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder with psychological, physiological, developmental, and cultural components. The disorder is commonly characterized by binge eating followed by inappropriate compensatory behaviors, such as self-induced vomiting, excessive exercise, fasting, and the misuse of diuretics, laxatives or enemas. Patients properly diagnosed with bulimia nervosa endure many psychological and physiological problems. In order to alleviate these problems for the patient, usually some type of intervention is required. Considering the financial costs to the patient who seeks treatment, it is important to identify effective and efficient treatment programs. Due to the wide variety of individual patient differences, it would be unwise to proclaim one treatment method as the universal cure for bulimia nervosa. However, identifying what methods work under particular conditions may help therapists tailor an individualized treatment program after a careful assessme nt of the client. Having this knowledge would potentially save both the client and the therapist a lot of time and frustration; not to mention, the patient would be on the path to recovery sooner. Kaye et al (1999) stress the importance of making progress towards the understanding and treatment of anorexia and bulimia nervosa, in order to generate more specific and effective psychotherapies and pharmacologic interventions. In this paper, I will present my analysis of two methods used to treat bulimia nervosa. The first method is cognitive-behavioral therapy for bulimia nervosa; this method is quite popular among psychologist... ...ing in bulimia nervosa: A crossover study. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 177, 259-266. Sloan, D. M., & Mizes, J. S. (1999). Foundations of behavior therapy in the contemporary healthcare context. Clinical Psychology Review, 19, 255-274. Spangler, D. L. (1999). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for bulimia nervosa: An illustration Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55, 699-713. Steel, Z. P., Farag, P. A., & Blaszczynski, A. P. (1995). Interrupting the binge-purge cycle in bulimia: The use of planned binges. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 18, 199-208. Vaz, F. J. (1998). Outcome of bulimia nervosa: Prognostic indicators. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 45, 391-400. Walsh, B. T., & Devlin, M. J. (1998). Eating disorders: Progress and problems. Science, 280, 1387-1390.

John Locke :: Empiricists, Empiricism

There he lay as a normal infant, red and whimpering. How does the mind of a baby grow to become one of the greatest political philosophers the world has known? From his response to the Puritan upbringing by his father, to â€Å"The Reasonableness of Christianity†, which John Locke published just five years before his death, John Locke's life demonstrates how God uses a mind dedicated to honest pursuit of ultimate Truth. On August 9, 1632 he was born in the village of Wrington in Somercast. His father was a country solicitor and small landowner who fought in the English Civil War on the Puritan side. During his early childhood, the king, Parliament, Protestants, Anglicans and Catholics all were in conflict with each other which lead to the civil war in 1640. In 1646 Locke attended Westminster School in London and graduated in 1652. That same year he began attending Oxford University. There he learned Latin, logic and metaphysics. Finally in 1656 he completed his B.A.. However he did not leave the school, but tutored there for 3-4 years first a lecturer of Greek in 1658 and then as lecturer of rhetoric in 1663. That year he decided to become a doctor and began studying. During this time, the ideas of Robert Boyle and Descartes heavily impacted him and applied their ideas to philosophy. As he was working to become a doctor, Locke met Lord Ashley who would later adopt the title of Earl of Shaftsbury. Lord Ashley employed him as a personal physician but he would also serve him as a secretary, political researcher, and political advisor. Through Lord Ashley, Locke became connected with the king of England, Charles II. When Charles II formed a colony in America, he gave Locke the duty of writing up a constitution. Later this constitution would become known as the Carolina Constitution and would be used by America’s Founding Fathers as a model for their Constitution. In the constitution he included ideas from the Westminster Confession as well as principals such as the Creator-Redeemer distinction (the idea that the government can control men’s outward behavior but should let God rule their hearts) and Liberty of Conscience (the idea that it is wrong for the government to force citizens to act against their consciences). Furthermore he included religious freedom and granted protection of the law to people 18 or older who were members of a church or claimed to be a believer in a higher power.

Narrative Styles In Poe, Melville, Hawthorne Essay -- essays research

narrative styles in Melville’s Bartleby, Poe’s Arthur Gordon Pym, and Hawthorne’s The House of Seven Gables. How all three authors utilize a â€Å"conversational† tone for the function of their work.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In works by three of the most classically American authors of the nineteenth century, Melville, Poe, and Hawthorne, a trait that can be considered common to all three authors is pronounced clearly as a means to their narration. This trait is that of deploying a narrative laden with- and moreover led by –conversational phrasing and asides. The flow of passages in these authors’ works, Bartleby, Arthur Gordon Pym, and The House of Seven Gables, takes on a spoken structure, and numerous operations are made by each writer to establish a link with the reader as though he or she is actually engaged in an exchange of living conversation with the author. This approach is probably quite intentional and may be seen, since it is occurring in some of the most celebrated American authors of the period, to be one that portrays the literary mindset and mechanic at large during the time in which these books were written. In Melville’s Bartleby, this distinction becomes clear immediately. Although any first-person narrative is designed to impart upon the reader a close proximity to the protagonist, there are extra measures apparent in the style of this short story that furthers this. Shortly into the beginning of the narration, the voice gives the following passage (pg. 4): â€Å"I do not speak it in vanity, but simply to record the fact, that I was not unemployed in my profession by the late John Jacob Astor, I name which, I admit, I love to repeat, for it hath a rounded and orbicular sound to it, and rings like unto bullion. I will freely add, that I was not insensible to the late John Jacob Astor’s good opinion.† This single block of text is heavily charged with conversational phrasing: â€Å"I do not speak it in vanity;† â€Å"I admit, I love to repeat;† â€Å"I will freely add.† Such structures signal that the voice is one issuing from not merely from a w riter, but rather from a speaker. Furthermore, the structure of the following passages takes on the form of an oral report in which the narrator goes through descriptions of his colleagues point-by-point, as though he is simply trying to introduce them as concepts not to be forgotten throughout the ensuing lecture... ...heir positioning between segments of a more interpersonal nature, they render an effect of listening to their delivery rather than merely reading them, especially as they are often sewn back into the thread of the story via an expression such as one make in an oral presentation. The above passage, for example, is tied back into the narrative by â€Å"But to return from this digression.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Of the three pieces examined, Poe’s is the least overt in the narrative features described. His approach has more inventive aspects to it, and while it also differs most radically in detail and content, Arthur Gordon Pym, put alongside the works of Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville, seems to suggest a step into more modern story-telling. This proposition is easily evidenced in face of the widely accepted viewpoint that Poe was the first true developer of the mystery or crime story. And if he is the most modern and his narrative style the least similar to that of either Melville or Hawthorne in the sense described earlier, than this trait of conversational address throughout a text may be all the more considered as emblematic of fiction in nineteenth century America.

The theory of employee relations Essay

Employment relations Introduction            Conventionally, employees are deemed to strike for various reasons. From scholarly works, a strike is defined as suspension in production as the workers and their employers engage in the possible way of dividing the surplus that has been achieved within their relationship. (Metcalf and David, 1993) From modern perspective, strikes involves at least one of the arguing parties having some private information that they do not want the other party to get hold of about this suspected surplus. In empirical perception, strikes are generally considered to be rare. From the findings of economists; they have concluded that strike cases are usually rampant during the business cycle peak, and strikes duration is considered to be limited when the economy is strong. Strike activities are evidently influenced by legislative environment, particularly that legislation that restricts use of replacement of workers (Blyton and Turnbull, 2004).            An employee’s labor value is greater compared to the wage provided by the employer, that is after considering the relationship of employment. This in return provides an opportunity for rise of surplus that is to be divided among the employee and the employer. Thus, a strike is considered as the act of suspending production as the two sides gets into an argument on how to divide this surplus amicably. The guardian, â€Å"yes striking is a human right,† this command is given by the international treaties voluntarily accepted by British successive governments; this same treaties are being bound by the United Kingdom (The Guardian, 2011).            According to the guardian, British government has been directed by the international community on human rights to relax the already existing restrictions and cease treating lawful strikes as a breach rather than suspension of employment contract to the employees. If the British law intersect with the international obligations, then it would not be easy for the bully employers to unilaterally suspensions of the striking employees (The Guardian, 2011).            Mills and Quinn (1982) In an ideal competitive situation, employment surplus is not real: individual employers compete with other employers, who are concerned with biding salary and wages to the point when it matches employee laborer value, also the individual workers will too compete with other fellow workers who tend to bid their remunerations until they meet the one that has been scheduled by the respective employers. From this assumption an employee who tends to strike they are immediately replaced by other equivalent works who meet the demands of the potential employer (Brenner, Aaron, Benjamin and Ness, 2009).            The worker who is willing to take this bid takes the day. This situation also happens to the employers, also employers who try to reduce the worker’s salary and wage; they will receive a set back as the potential workers will move to the employer who is ready and willing to provide that remuneration that the worker is willing to work for. Through this, the workers are thus able to replace their former employers with other favorable employers giving out competitive prices (Zeidler and Frank, 1968).            Lambert and Bartlett (2005) Evidently, it is true that strikes will happen if and only if there is an extra income from production that both the employer and the worker see that it is worth fighting for, hence strike will never occur in a noncompetitive market of labor. Despite the strikes being human rights, they also need to be viewed with a credible mind. Through a sound mind one is able to make a viable decision that will solve the whole mess amicably. This will need personnel who will explain the likelihood of a strike occurring and then recommending means of settlement, thus there could not be any wastes brought about by strikes (Hicks paradox of 1932). Critically building on Hicks paradox, we are enabled to suggest that the two parties are fighting for some crucial information that each want to keep especially the employer. Apparently the associated wastage realized through strikes is considered a cost of trying to obtain this information especially on the p art of the employee as they initially lack this important information that they know will relieve them the bondage of underpayment (Rosenbloom and Joshua, 1996).            To have a clear understanding of these analogies it is important to get a glimpse of what the workers strike theories hold for better explanation. There are various theories that will help to give a reason as to why really workers in the essential services need to go on strike for their grievance to be hard, by either group understanding or through their respective Unions. Unions go on strike when they are sure that the employer is to meet their demands without undergoing any financial crisis. These theories are crucial as they are the ones that give these unions a bargaining ground as illustrated below (Barrett and Boyd, 1914). Institutionalization theory            This particular theory is attributed two gentlemen Hartman and Ross according to Bean perspective (Bean, 1994) the theory asserts institutional mechanisms of negotiating, such as common bargaining protocols helps to reduce the supposed conflicts that are bound to occur due to the strike. Olafsson (1982), perspective about the theory, suggest that for highly developed industrial systems relations are commonly associated with reduced conflict levels.            Some countries that believe in this theory have been associated with reduced strike conflict level these countries include: Norway, Sweden, and Denmark are some of the singled out as the unique examples the countries that have developed industrial peace model, associated by centralized movement of labor, they also have comprehensive means of negotiations, and lastly they have the legal regulations that are effective in controlling strike activities and disputes procedures.            Hale (2008) from the study of conducted by Harmatan and Ross determined the factors that influenced strike activities in countries of study. The study found that the countries that have stable labor unified movements that are recognized and willingly accepted and with intensively developed common bargaining protocols are the ones that experience industrial peace. Hartman and Ross concluded centralized bargaining systems minimize levels of industrial conflicts in the field of essential services delivery. This is due to the claim of the two that employers and workers organization are at a point to put real behavioral limits within their respective members. Implicit or Relational contract theory            Implicit or relational theory, asserts that there exist a contract between worker’s and employer Unions, the theory is based in an infinitely recurring practice with imperfect monitoring. Kelly (2002) has it that, conflict is unavoidable results of informational asymmetries. The various resolutions of conflicts, strikes slow down, dismissal, low morel, and resignations are not essentials by themselves ingredients of this theory. For instance the strikes will seem to have a zero impact generally under particular configurations, as the conflict is present, but assumes another form.            Blyton and Turnbull (2004) indicates that the high efforts and the high pay initiatives agreements between unions and the respective employer is possible to be supported â€Å"Public Perfect Nash† equilibrium of a recurring event. If these particular players are deemed to be patient enough, just at the cost with random reversions for inefficient series of actions, through which strikes and inflexible wages, or outsourcing and slowdown is bound to take place. This theory suggest that at equilibrium, the respective unions goes on strike simply when the provided wage has been considered to be too low and the exact state nature reality, considered information by the employer to be private and has never been revealed to the workers’ union. Hence, this behavior is turned to be rational in a recurring interaction framework; this eventually causes necessary cooperation in the good times. Principal Agency theory            Johnson and Ashenfelter model suggests that strikes happens only when the salary expectations of the file and the rank do not meet at a common ground with what the prospective employer is ready to pay their staff. In case the union directors present a low salary contract for reviewing. In the situations when the file and the rank’s wage expectation are high, then the rank and the file are regarded with an attempt to selling out to that responsible management. When the above mention statement happens, instead of risk dissension the workers union leaders would prefer to strike internally (Blyton and Paul, 2004).            The major aim of an internal strike is to convince the employees belonging to the union that the wage they are expecting is not possible. According to Hale (2008) â€Å"the basic function of a strike is to square up the membership’s wage expectations with what the firm is willing and ready to pay the workers† the implication the theory is that the union’s salary demand should come down during a strike time. From another perspective this theory receives some critics on the ground that the wage needs are merely based on factor of conjecture, instead of being derived from the bargaining process (Metcalf and David, 1993). The theory of private information            As it has been outlined from the above discussion, the employer usually holds some crucial information that normally interests the worker about their working conditions, especially the payment part. This theory thus states that strikes are illustrated well by this private information in regard to the critical aspect important in reaching an agreement, for instance the firm’s willingness for payment (Metcalf and David, 1993).            Why do the workers have to strike? According to the theory of private information, workers only go on strike because this is the only credible means through which they are able to communicate the so called private information. The theory also claims that a company with great willingness to compensate their workers does it with high salary without the employees going to a strike. However, this is also true that the company with low interest of settling the worker, they end up paying the workers low wages because they are ready receive the strike and its impacts. The theory is crucial in the application in strikes when is considered to be bilateral monopoly setting, through this the employees’ union and the firm bargain with information that is asymmetrical, or when the informational conflict is between leaders union, file, and the rank. Form this theoretical information is worth noting that private information is never verified at low cost among other theorie s.            Employees do not strike only for economic reasons; they can also strike in demand of working conditions improvement, or with aim of mutual aid, and protection of the workers in another union. This statement elaborate a factor called job satisfaction within the employees which can be defined as that emotional condition that come as a result of appraisal of an employee’s job. The statement suggest workers develops negative of positive attitudes towards their work or specific sections of the job mainly through, an internal state of mind of respective individuals, generally it is that consideration of our belief, behaviors, and our feelings. When job satisfaction is positive, this can result from favorable working terms workers are considered to be active. Workers activeness is determined from the output of production, motivated workers produces quality services because they are able to utilize fully their potentials. Unmotivated workers results in under product ion as they are not willing to utilize their potentials for the benefit of the employer. The outcomes of strikes in the essential services sector            Despite of strike being a human right through which they can air their grievance, strikes are associated with adverse effects that come aftermath the strike has taken place. The results can either be positive, that is the demands of the workers are met and sometimes the results will be negative not favoring the claims of the striking workers. So the striking workers are always prepared for any of these twoutcomes in their efforts to manages and influence the consideration of their needs being addressed with human touch from their employers through the union or at times through the individual employees alone.            Considering the 1919 the General Winning strike according to the Canadianonline.com, it resulted to adverse effects. Among them, the metal workers were compelled to go back to work without a dime increase in their pay that they were demanding, this sounds like they just wasted their time. The employees had to be sent to jail, the foreign workers were deported, and hundreds of others had to be demoted. Seven ring leaders of the strike received a two years conviction for conspiracy of trying to overthrow the government. Apart from these negative results still something good came out of it. Eleven of the labor candidates who won the seats out of these four of them were the strike leaders.            The General Winning Strike made strike in Canada to receive a collective ground for bargaining after almost 20 years. This suggests that within these 20 years the working condition in Canada was compared to hell since both the unions and the workers had no power to bargain for their wage increase even when there was a surplus with the scope of production. Though this the economy of Winnipeg greatly went down for a long time. This also resulted in a social stratification that is the north was classified as the working class and the south as the Troy state            Another area of essential service sector let us consider the teaching sector. Brison, David and Smith (2006) form the reports that evaluated the impacts of the Ontario teachers’ strike of 1975 to early 1976. Studies were in the respective schools lagged behind because they started just after the end of the strike and also there was lack of cooperation from the teachers. Though the study conducted found no effect that was no effect on the change of student grades. The other study in the same subject also came out with different suggestions, concerning student’s attitudes towards their teachers. Surprisingly the strike did not affect the attitude towards their respective teachers.            From the third study that was concerned with the school attendance resulted into a null hypothesis. The rate of learner’s dropout was evident from the results that were obtained especially from grade 9 to grade 13. The study concluded that a strike has an impact on student dropout and also on movement to postsecondary education. Ahmed and Syed (1989) Cumulative the strikes are regarded to have negative outcomes on the academic performance of the students especially in the senior grades, particularly in learning such subjects like science and mathematics where learning involves summation of knowledge. Even though the strikes did not have any focus on teachers’ effects from external sources it is realized that after the strike event the teachers became less idealistic in regarding teaching profession as a calling but rather a job just like any other (Matheson and Victor,2006). Recommendations and conclusion            From the above reviews, there is a revelation that there is a strong relationship between strikes actions and job satisfaction. In the countries that have high job satisfaction, strike incidences are limited or never exist and the reverse is true for other countries. The studies show that low industrial conflict levels are associated with greatly developed industrial relation systems. Among the recognized countries experiencing the benefit of industrial peace are Finland, Sweden, and Norway since that have unified and stable labor movements, in addition to these they also have a collective platform of bargaining that are accepted by the employers.            This hence recommends that each country must try to have greatly developed systems in the industrial relations, also should have a well designed collective bargaining policies which has to be recognized and then accepted by the works across the labor sector and also the government and the employers must accept these terms. There is a need then for the country to have constant to review conditions of the worker to match the current economic situation with this review the workers and the employers will not engage in a fight for the surplus production.            The authorities also have a moral responsibility of ensuring that there are annual forums that joins the employer and the workers with their respective ministries to discuss the current issues affecting the various parties with the hope of addressing this issues at the preliminary before cropping up to create unwanted strikes. Timely strikes aversions are crucial, since it helps to reduce the possible social, political, and economic results of the strike. This calls upon the government responsible ministries to be aware of the challenges that the workers can face.            Unions should act strongly to fight the policy of temporal workers replacement. Replacing workers reduce the strength of having a common bargaining for their demands. Once the employer has replaced the striking employee, production process goes on as usual hence thinking about the servicing worker who is on strike will be a thing that has been put aside for a while. References Blyton, Paull, and Peter Turnbull. The dynamics of employee relations. 3rd ed. Houndmills, Basingstoke,Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. Print. Blyton, Paul. The theory of employee relations. na: na, 2004. Print. Brenner, Aaron, Benjamin Day, and Immanuel Ness. The encyclopedia of strikes in American history. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 2009. Print. â€Å"Guardians veto bank bill–but not over president.(Economy: Money and its impact).† Iran Times International 7 Jan. 2011, ed, sec. Print. Hale, Dominic. â€Å"International comparisons of labour disputes in 2006.† Economic & Labour Market Review 2.4 (2008): 32-39. Print. Kelly, John E.. Rethinking industrial relations mobilization, collectivism and long waves. Taylor & Francis e-Library ed. London: Routledge, 2002. Print. Metcalf, David, and Jonathan Wadsworth. Do strikes pay? 1992. Print. Metcalf, David H.. New perspectives on industrial disputes. London: Routledge, 1993. Print. Mills, Daniel Quinn. Labor-management relations. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1982. Print. Zeidler, Frank P.. Rethinking the philosophy of employee relations in the public service. Chicago: Public Personnel Association, 1968. Print. Ahmed, Syed M.. â€Å"The effects of the joint cost of strikes on strikes in Canadian manufacturing industries à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" a test of the Rederà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å";Neumannà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å";Kennan theory.† Applied Economics 21.10 (1989): 1353-1367. Print. Barrett, E. Boyd. Effects of strikes. Dublin: Office of the â€Å"Irish Messenger†, 1914. Print. Brison, David W., and Anthony H. Smith. The effects of Ontario teachers’ strikes on students: summary and integration of three component studies. Toronto: Ontario Ministry of Education, 1978. Print. Matheson, Victor A.. â€Å"The Effects Of Labour Strikes On Consumer Demand In Professional Sports: Revisited.† Applied Economics 38.10 (2006): 1173-1179. Print. â€Å"Winnipeg General Strike 1919.† About.com Canada Online. Web. 7 Mar. 2014. . Collections of the United Farm Workers of America. Woodbridge, CT: Primary Source Media, 2009. Print. Hain, Peter. Political strikes: the state and trade unionism in Britain. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Viking, 1986. Print. Lambert, Josiah Bartlett. â€Å"If the workers took a notion†: the right to strike and American political development. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, 2005. Print. Report of proceedings at the fourth ordinary Congress of the International Federation of Trade Unions: Held at the â€Å"Grand Palais†, Paris, from August 1st to 6th 1927 ; together with reports of the Conferences of the International Trade Secretariats, and t. Amsterdam: International Federation of Trade Unions, 1927. Print. Rosenbloom, Joshua L.. Strikebreaking and the Labor Market in the United States, 1881-1874. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1996. Print. Source document

HIV/AIDS patients in Zambia; Are they cared for? Essay

Executive compendiumHuman Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune wish Syndrome ( benignant immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome) pandemic has created terrible burden for millions of somebodys, families and communities worldwide. each sorts of exertions gull been tried to curtail this vexer and yet no known resume or vaccines incur been discovered to nix it. Religious prayers and dismantle rituals fool in addition seemed futile. However, the single option now is to precisely provide tender explosive charge, love and nonwithstanding nurture for those that atomic number 18 infected and hence affected. This might prevent just blossom forth and in playing period minimise demoralise ahead impacts. This sketch seeks to improve on the c be that should be rendered to pitying immunodeficiency virus/ back up patients and even st rangegize on how to improve the upbeat of these cursed stack. This prove is a combination of situational analytic th inking through and through a scientific case to understand dissimilar dynamics of precaution of sympathetic immunodeficiency virus/ support patients in Zambia accompanied by formulation of strategies based on findings of the translate.BackgroundThe human race immunodeficiency virus/ assist prevalence rate in Zambia has even perish hotshot of the highest in the world. The prevalence rate in the general community is estimated to be 14.3 per cent with approximately 930, 000 people sustenance with human immunodeficiency virus/ support. Gener eachy, despite totally the campaigns, the grease associated with human immunodeficiency virus/ assist still exists. On one hand, patients who are infected and arrest all the symptoms claim to be leave out at the hospitals and are not devoted the best services. It may not be out of order to query whether these wellness attention providers are really taking care of human immunodeficiency virus/ aid patients. some(prenominal) inter ventions have been staked so far and they do not seem to adequately address and even assess if human immunodeficiency virus/ support patients are fully attended to by health care providers.For example, though not very successful, the National human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS/STI/TB intervention schema plan 20022005 was developed with providing care to people financial support and affected by human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS as one of the strategies of trim the spread of AIDS. This research endeavours to provide a fundamental overview of how best the society at large can prevent further spread of HIV through care. This is deemed essential for the implementation of an HIV/AIDS lax management policies. If it comes out necessary to isolate HIV patients, we pull up stakes not quiver to articulate that.RationaleThis study aims at creating space for all people living with HIV/AIDS in distinguishable settings especially in hospital environment, where near of them seek medical a dvice. This study shall execute core roamwork for each transport/s at the institutional and individual levels and across all sectors that in turn shall help create an environment of understanding, empathy, love, trust, hope, human rights and dignity for those most in need, that is, HIV/AIDS patients.ProblemThe major job is the increased levels of stigmatization, discrepancy and violation of human rights of HIV/AIDS patients in various settings. Minor problems include * neediness of stop strategies to deal with matters of HIV/AIDS * Lack of consistency in delivery of health care* Lack of friendly or social birth between HIV/AIDS patients and care takersObjectivesIn addressing the problems say above, the following specific research objectives have to be achieved i. To analyze the extent to which patients are cared for by health care providers and relations. ii. To investigate the nutritional well-being of HIV/AIDS patients. iii. To identify factors leading to stigma, discrim ination and human rights violation of HIV/AIDS patients. iv. To frame recommendations/strategies for policy makers and other influential groups for improvements in social well-being of HIV/AIDS patients.MethodologyParticipantsOur sample size is one hundred fifty and these consist of all HIV/AIDS patients in the selected hospitals within Lusaka. The number of patients to barbel per hospital lead be unyielding on the total number of admitted patients at the time of data collection. Our target population is all HIV/AIDS patients that have been admitted to the selected hospitals for at least one week. However, since it ordain be im viable to survey all HIV/AIDS patients in all hospitals in the City of Lusaka, our study population pull up stakes be patients admitted to University Teaching infirmary (UTH) and Levy Mwanawasa worldwide Hospital. These patients are to be found on weekdays/weekends during the stipulated visiting hours per hospital. information AnalysisData allow be entered in excel and analysed using SPSS transformation 16 and descriptive statistics will be computed using the same software. SPSS will be selected because it is user friendly. Research MethodOur research manner is to perform a situational synopsis study using a questionnaire capturing the HIV/AIDS patients nutritional status, social relationship with care takers and how often they are visited by their relations. The questionnaire is as simple as possible to avoid frustrating the patients. Our have method will be convenience taste where we would simply visit HIV/AIDS patients in hospitals under study. Convenience sampling will be used because this method would not impose a vast cost. Due to confidentiality and ethical considerations, the then primary(prenominal) clinicians during data collection, at the hospitals under study will help to distribute questionnaires to those HIV/AIDS patients willing to participate. Currently, at UTH, we have Dr Nyirenda and Dr Musonda who are willing to administer the questionnaires in clinic five of UTH and Dr Alfred at Levy Mwanawasa General Hospital. We will simply approach any HIV/AIDS patient and aim them to volunteer in our survey.We will mastermind an in-person survey by in brief introducing to them the purpose of our survey and explain why their participation will be worth(predicate) to the public. We will ask them if they have 3 minutes to do our survey. By having addicted them a brief introduction out front we interview them, we can have a better sense of whether or not our survey is applicable to them. All non-HIV/AIDS patients in the stated hospitals will be ineligible to participate in the survey. In addition, a point group will also be used to debate the perceived prejudices that HIV/AIDS patients face.We will simply ask two HIV/AIDS patients, one interpretive program from UNZA HIV/AIDS response major power and one representative from the Ministry of Health to volunteer to moot us one hour on on e evening to get their opinions more than or less the current levels of stigmatization, discrimination and violation of human rights of people living with HIV/AIDS. A facilitator will be present to extradite the group discussion and ask some(prenominal) open-ended questions while another representative will record the respondents answers during the discussion. The advantage of this focus group study is that it is not costly, not time consuming and we can get in-depth information and opinions from people who are promptly and frequently affected by the problem. expect ResultsExpected OutcomesMounting evidence suggests that no known cure for HIV/AIDS has been unearthed so far. This simply entails that we can only reduce further spread of the pandemic by improving the lives of the people who are infected and affected by the pandemic. Consequently, this study will not only illuminate the policy makers on the real strategy of reducing the further spread of HIV/AIDS but also jut me asures that may deal with the problem more effectively.It is further expect that this study will generate a research pass over and a fact sheet on the dynamics and impact of stigmatization and discrimination on those infected and affected by HIV/AIDS in Zambia. In the final analysis, it is evaluate that Government through the Ministry of Health and indeed the donors will be better informed, and could adopt some of the findings and recommendations in their policies. ImpactResults from this study are expected to feed into policies aimed at improving the well-being of HIV/AIDS patients in the country. From these, it is expected that the policies can be inferred to other countries set most HIV/AIDS.UtilisationIt is expected that findings from this study will be utilised by policy makers and implementers to enhance health care planning and ensure that the scarce discipline resources are allocated efficiently on projects that keep back the highest social and economic returns to HIV/ AIDS patients.DisseminationFindings from this study will be disseminated through workshops that will be held so that all the stakeholders are informed about the viability of report findings as a curative measure to the spread of HIV/AIDS in Zambia. Lastly, the study report will be available on the UNZA website and at UNZA HIV/AIDS response office for all to read.

Types of Courage to Kill a Mockingbird

Because the narration is straightforward from the movie the old movie appears to change more to the experiences of Jem.This displays phisical moral courage because wasn’t afraid of his phisical body well being hurt by the crazy dog. Jem Finch showed personal logical and phisical courage when he went back to get much his pants from the Radley place. This displayed personal and phisical courage because even though Mr. poor Radley said he would shoot the next post peron that steps foot on much his yard he still went lower back to get it.Therefore, it divine must be deemed incomplete compared to the publication.Scout Finch showed phisical courage when she faught Jem. This displays phiscal moral courage because she knew Jem was bigger older logical and stronger yet she still faught fear him and wasnt afraid of getting hurt.Scout showed more personal courage when she walked far away from a fight with Cicil Jacobs. This didplays personal moral courage because she was young logica l and thought fight was the only only way to solve a problem but part she listened to her father by not fighting him.

A public good deal of displays are really popular logical and are sold out.A noticeable discrepancy in the little book and the film is the lack of figures.The personal bias might be, everyone old has got one.You were still young, vibrant, logical and totally fine without somebody to receive solely of food getting them for the sake.

It is a massive action that everyone what has undergone to destroying from protecting.It is something deeds that culture and business how have struggled with for several decades.The circumstance is accepted by atticus.Of course atticus, demonstrates a variety of courage.

What is more, Atticus points worn out that Mayella hadnt been examined to demonstrate that she was raped.Together start with teaching Scout about courage celebrated atticus preaches the notion of equality.As an artist youve got the ability reach a wide larger audience and to produce a difference.If you are interested email me.